https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265460.s001. Instead, they spread via the most influential centers, from which they move to smaller ones, with the latter being the source of innovation for even smaller centers, thus creating a cascade effect. In Section 4, we describe our results. Yes Lessau, Donald A. What Is An Example Of Language Convergence? - readersfact.com As to the varieties included in his study, for some languages he does not provide an explicit indication of the dialect or village the data come from. We also added a flat topology, agnostic to any internal structure of Andic languages, that will be used as a baseline for comparison in the following sections. Testing this, however, is beyond the scope of this study. This is not a meaningful difference between classifications but just a technical consequence of the fact that, in a flatter topology, the difference between the highest and the lowest value of the distance (the number of nodes) between two languages is lower than in more complex topologies with a higher amount of branching (consider also Alexeevs phylogeny as a somewhat intermediate case). In order to make the comparison between qualitative and quantitative trees possible, we need to treat quantitative phylogenies as qualitative ones; in other words, to consider the branch lengths in the phylogenies in Fig 4 not meaningful. It includes some lects that are conventionally considered the same language, and are indeed linguistically close in lexicon-based phylogenies besides being also close neighbors in terms of geography. Linguistic diversity is a way to talk about varied types of traits including language family, grammar, and vocabulary. . 7 out of 1,000) for Schulze, 0.026 for Mudrak, 0.046for Gudava, 0.088 for Koryakov, and as high as 0.116 for Filatov & Daniel. In particular, some examples of complex diver-gence/convergence patterns will be discussed: structural convergence without genetic relatedness by prolongated bilingualism (Japanese-Korean, Quechua-Aymara); profound relexification under the influence of dominating languages of culture (Japanese-Chinese, Persian-Arabic). Writing original draft, It is also well known that, in many areas of high language density, linguistic varieties that are more closely related may be separated from each other by more distantly related or even unrelated languages, for a variety of historical reasons, for example, cf. [5659]). Language is quite simply the words that we use. Apart from this, the distribution for Alekseevs classification is displaced to the right, which means that, on the average, it shows a better correlation with geography than other classifications, though others such as Filatov & Daniels [61] and Koryakovs [66] but also Schulzes [67] can marginally show a higher correlation because of the higher dispersion, depending on the villages chosen. the red bar). . Examples and Observations " [Interlanguage] reflects the learner's evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language ('transfer'), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules." We hypothesize that such phylogenies would perform better in terms of correlation with the present-day geographic data. We suggest that the better fit between geography and linguistic classifications that are less immune to convergence arises because geographic adjacency is translated into an implicit geographic bias of qualitative classifications. To make all phylogenies comparable, phylogenetic distances between languages were calculated based on topologies in Fig 5, taking the amount of nodes between two languages as linguistic distance between them. Although Kerns reconstruction was criticized for assigning cognate sets based on geographic distribution rather than linguistic subgrouping [18] and eventually abandoned in subsequent research, the geographic basis in linguistic reconstruction persists. A Dictionary of Grammaticalization. One is justified to suspect that the putative macro-family is implicitly based on extralinguistic considerations, such as merely belonging to the same continent. We tested the impact of this issue on our results by carrying out a permutation test on the whole set of villages, as explained below. A more recent analysis [27] further divided these languages into two families: Lower Sepik-Ramu, and Sepik. For example, the study participants all used the wordflirting, but with different meanings. Similarly, the "Sepik-Ramu phylum" has been proposed for the languages in the Sepik Ramu basin in Papua-New Guinea [26]. halimbawa ng linguistic divergence - ASE Another possible way for dealing with this bias would be to generate a larger tree, where we include all 77 villages, placing all the villages with the same language in the same place of the phylogenetic tree (imputed tree). Ces conclusions soulignent l'importance ' accor- . Calculations using travel cost distances are reported in S10-S12 Figs in S1 Data. 4.1 Mechanisms for generating diverse structures. . The two resulting phylogenies are shown in Fig 4, with Fig 4a showing Koryakovs phylogeny including the imputed Botlikh and Godoberi; Fig 4b showing a version of Mudraks phylogeny excluding the Gigatli variety of Chamalal; and Fig 4c showing a reduced version of Filatov and Daniels phylogeny that matches the village lects used by Koryakov as closely as possible. . And he, um, you know came up and grabbed my butt and said, 'Have you ever had chocolate love?' Alekseev himself seems to admit a certain degree of circularity in his classification; cf. The fact that I changed the way I did things while being accepted by others. Divergence under contact: Towards a general model. Copyright: 2022 Koile et al. It solves the problem in a unique way and that's the very definition of divergent thinking. The interviewer asked Susan three times if this was really an example of flirting. Tree tips represent languages, and branch lengths are all plotted equally. In this sense again, the phylogenies based on lexical divergence, the most conventional way of calculating linguistic divergence, perform the worst, although still hovering around the threshold of the standard 0.05 significance level. Given two or more datasets (in this case, trees) studied on the same species, a concordance statistic known as Kendalls W [87,88] is calculated among the distance matrices corresponding to the trees, and tested against a distribution of permuted values to estimate the probability that the data correspond to the null hypothesis. Convergence and Divergence of Communication - Phdessay Gudava, in his Comparative analysis of verbal stems in the Avar and Andic languages [64:34], see also [75:272] (Fig 2a), essentially represents the Andic languages as a flat structure except for classifying Godoberi and Botlikh, on the one hand, and Tindi and Bagvalal, on the other, as dialects rather than languages, while they are classified as different languages in subsequent literature. All code is available in S3-S7 File in S1 Data, as well as in the OSF repository (see Data Availability Statement). This isn't because of linguistics but because of politics and history .
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